Amakuru - Umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi menshi: Umutima wibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi?

Intangiriro

Nkuko isi ishishikajwe no gukemura ibibazo byogutwara isuku kandi birambye, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi (EV) byabaye umwanya wambere muriyi mpinduramatwara. Intandaro yibi binyabiziga byateye imbere haribintu byingenzi: insinga zikoresha amashanyarazi menshi. Intsinga ntabwo arikindi gice cyibinyabuzima bya EV-ni imiyoboro ikoresha umutima wikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi. Imiyoboro ya voltage nini cyane ningirakamaro mugukora neza, umutekano, no kwizerwa muri EV, bigatuma iba umushoferi wingenzi mugihe kizaza cyo gutwara.

1. Gusobanukirwa insinga zikoresha amashanyarazi menshi

Ibisobanuro na Incamake

Intsinga yimodoka nini cyane yabugenewe kugirango ikemure amashanyarazi menshi yimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Bitandukanye n’insinga nke za voltage zikoreshwa mumodoka gakondo yo gutwika imbere (ICE), izo nsinga zigomba kwihanganira imizigo myinshi yamashanyarazi, mubisanzwe iri hagati ya volt 300 na 1000 cyangwa irenga, bitewe nuburyo ibinyabiziga byifashe. Itandukaniro ryibanze hagati ya voltage nini ninsinga za voltage nkeya harimo gukenera izamuka ryinshi, gukingira gukomeye, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kohereza amashanyarazi nta gutakaza ingufu zikomeye.

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki

Intsinga zikoresha amamodoka menshi zakozwe kugirango zuzuze ibisabwa bya tekiniki. Mubisanzwe bakora mumashanyarazi ya 300V kugeza 1000V DC, nubwo sisitemu zimwe zateye imbere zishobora gusaba nubushobozi buke bwa voltage. Izi nsinga zubatswe mubikoresho nka polyethylene ihuza (XLPE), itanga insuline nziza kandi irwanya ubushyuhe. Irisulasiyo ikunze guhuzwa na aluminium cyangwa umuringa, bigatuma habaho umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe no kurwanya bike.

Ibipimo rusange hamwe nimpamyabumenyi kuri izi nsinga zirimo ISO 6722 na LV 112, byemeza ko insinga zujuje umutekano uhamye hamwe n’ibipimo ngenderwaho. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bikubiyemo ibintu nko kurwanya ubushyuhe, guhinduka, gucana umuriro, no guhuza amashanyarazi (EMC).

2. Uruhare rwinsinga zumuriro mwinshi mumashanyarazi

Ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi

Imiyoboro ya voltage nini cyane ningirakamaro mugukwirakwiza neza mumashanyarazi. Bahuza ibice byingenzi, nkibipaki ya batiri, inverter, na moteri yamashanyarazi, byemeza ko ingufu zamashanyarazi zitembera neza kuva isoko kugera kuri sisitemu yo kugenda. Ubushobozi bwiyi nsinga zo gutwara voltage nini ningirakamaro kumikorere no kurwego rwikinyabiziga, kuko bigira ingaruka kuburyo butangwa neza.

Ibitekerezo byumutekano

Umutekano nicyo kintu cyingenzi mugushushanya insinga z'amashanyarazi menshi. Izi nsinga zigomba kuba zifunguye neza kandi zikarindwa kugirango hirindwe ibibazo nkumuzunguruko mugufi, kwivanga kwa electronique (EMI), hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro. Ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge, nka XLPE, bikoreshwa mu guhangana n'ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe n'imihangayiko. Byongeye kandi, gukingira ni ngombwa kurinda EMI, ishobora guhungabanya sisitemu ya elegitoroniki.

Ibintu bifatika

Imikorere yo guhererekanya amashanyarazi muri EVs iterwa cyane nubwiza nigishushanyo cyinsinga za voltage nyinshi. Izi nsinga zagenewe kugabanya igihombo cyingufu mugihe cyoherejwe, ningirakamaro mugukomeza imikorere rusange yikinyabiziga. Mugutezimbere insinga no kugabanya ubukana, abayikora barashobora kuzamura imikorere yikinyabiziga, bakagira uruhare runini rwo gutwara no gukoresha ingufu neza.

3. Iterambere muri tekinoroji ya kabili ya tekinoroji

Udushya dushya

Iterambere rya vuba mubikoresho ryateje imbere cyane imikorere yinsinga zamashanyarazi. Gukoresha ibikoresho byoroheje, bifite imbaraga nyinshi byagabanije uburemere rusange bwinsinga, bigira uruhare runini mumodoka. Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, iterambere ryibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru birinda ubushyuhe hamwe n’ibikoresho byangiza umuriro byemeza ko izo nsinga zishobora kwihanganira imikorere mibi ikorerwa muri EV.

Gutezimbere

Ibishushanyo mbonera byashushanyijeho gushiraho insinga nyinshi zoroshye kandi zoroshye. Intsinga zirashobora kunyuzwa mumwanya muto mumodoka, bigatuma gukoresha neza umwanya. Byongeye kandi, kwinjiza tekinoloji yubwenge mubishushanyo mbonera byafashaga kugenzura no gusuzuma igihe nyacyo, bitanga amakuru yingirakamaro kumikorere yibibazo nibibazo bishobora kuvuka.

Ibidukikije

Nkuko inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zibanda ku buryo burambye, ingaruka z’ibidukikije ziva mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi n’umuriro wazo zirasuzumwa. Ababikora baragenda bakoresha ibikoresho birambye kandi bagakoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kugirango bagabanye imyanda. Izi mbaraga ntabwo zigira uruhare gusa mubikorwa byo gukora icyatsi gusa ahubwo zihuza nintego nini zo kugabanya ikirere cyibidukikije byamashanyarazi.

4. Imiyoboro Yumuriro mwinshi muburyo butandukanye bwibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi

Amashanyarazi ya Batiri (BEV)

Muri BEVs, insinga nini za voltage zifite uruhare runini muguhuza bateri na moteri yamashanyarazi nibindi bikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi. Inzitizi zihariye muri BEV zirimo gucunga imitwaro myinshi mugihe wizeye ko insinga zikomeza kuramba kandi neza mugihe cyimodoka cyose.

Gucomeka mumashanyarazi ya Hybrid (PHEVs)

PHEVs isaba insinga nini za voltage zishobora gukoresha ingufu zibiri zikinyabiziga: moteri yaka imbere na moteri yamashanyarazi. Izo nsinga zigomba kuba zihindagurika kugirango zihindurwe hagati yamashanyarazi nta nkomyi, mugihe kandi zicunga amashanyarazi menshi asabwa na sisitemu ya Hybrid.

Ibinyabiziga byubucuruzi kandi biremereye cyane

Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nubucuruzi buremereye, nka bisi, amakamyo, n’imashini zinganda, bisaba byinshi cyane mumashanyarazi ya voltage. Izi modoka zisaba insinga zishobora gutwara imizigo minini kurenza intera ndende, mugihe nayo ifite imbaraga zihagije kugirango ihangane nibidukikije bikenerwa aho izo modoka zikorera.

5. Inzitizi n'ibizaza

Inzitizi zubu

Imwe mu mbogamizi zibanze mugushushanya kabili ya voltage nini ni ugutwara imizigo myinshi mumashusho yimodoka igenda yoroha. Mugihe EV igenda itera imbere, harakenewe kuringaniza ibiciro, kuramba, nimikorere yizi nsinga. Kugenzura niba insinga zishobora gukora neza ahantu hafunganye, aho gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe no kuvanga amashanyarazi bishobora kuba ikibazo, nikindi kibazo gikomeje.

Inzira zigenda zigaragara

Umugozi wa voltage mwinshi uri ku isonga ryibintu byinshi bigenda bigaragara mu nganda za EV. Ikoranabuhanga ryihuta-ryihuse, risaba insinga zishobora gukoresha ingufu zingana cyane mugihe gito, zitera udushya mugushushanya insinga. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo guhererekanya amashanyarazi bidafite umugozi, nubwo bikiri mubyiciro byabwo byambere, birashobora guhindura ibyifuzo bya kabili mugihe kizaza. Guhinduranya kuri sisitemu yo hejuru ya voltage, nka 800V yubatswe, niyindi nzira isezeranya kuzamura imikorere nimikorere ya EV-generation izakurikiraho.

Umwanzuro

Imiyoboro ya voltage nini cyane ningingo zingirakamaro muguhindagurika kwimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Uruhare rwabo mugukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, umutekano, no gukora neza bituma baba umusingi wibishushanyo mbonera bya kijyambere. Mu gihe inganda zikomeje guhanga udushya, iterambere rikomeje ry’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu za kabili rizagira uruhare runini mu kwinjiza no gutsinda ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi.

Hamagara kubikorwa

Kubashaka kumenya byinshi kubyerekeranye ninsinga zikoresha amamodoka menshi cyangwa gushaka ibisubizo byabigenewe kubushakashatsi bwa EV no gukora, tekereza kwegera inzobere mu nganda. Gusobanukirwa nubuhanga bwiyi nsinga birashobora gutanga amahirwe yo guhatanira isoko ryimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi yihuta.